Opec And Where We Get Oil From - 1279 Words

OPEC and Where we get oil from In the 21st century three leading producers of oil; United States with 13.7 million barrels per day, Saudi Arabia with 11.9 million barrels per day, and Russia is extracting 11 million barrels of oil per day in 2015. At the moment 50% of United State’s domestic consumption is met by the oil it produces while the other 50% must come from foreign oil to meet demands. The U.S. imports almost as much oil as we produce. Saudi Arabia is the world leading exporter of oil and heads OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries). It is the world’s most powerful group because it controls 80% of the world’s oil and therefore is extremely influential in country’s economic system. The policies developed by OPEC directly affect the production of oil globally. It was formed at the Baghdad Conference in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Venezuela alone harbors 20% of the world’s oil. As OPEC memberships of countries were suspended o ther countries joined. Today, 13 member countries: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. These countries bare the unalienable right to manage their natural resources in the interest of their progress as a nation under the â€Å"Declaratory Statement of Petroleum Policy in Member Countries† adopted by OPEC in 1968. OPEC aims to â€Å"co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secureShow MoreRelatedOil Producers vs. Oil Users1439 Words   |  6 PagesOil producers vs. Oil consumers The oil industry has very clear players, there are countries that consume the most of the oil production and there are countries that produce almost all oil. On the side of the biggest oil consumers are the US and Europe and on the side of the greatest Oil producers are countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates and others. The Oil producers saw an opportunity to have major power and influence the price of oil by establishing an organizationRead MoreOpec And The Oil Field1670 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding OPEC and the oil field, it is important to understand how they both began and what is currently occurring in the oil market. The production of oil has been around since the mid 1800’s here in the United States. In the late 1850’s, the first drilling rig made specifically for oil drilling was created by George Bissel and Edwin L. Drake. It was named the Drake well. Keep in mind that although this was the first oil drilling rig made , this is not the first time that someone had hit oil whileRead MoreForeign Oil And The Economy1605 Words   |  7 PagesBecause oil is such an important resource worldwide, we must make ourselves able to negotiate without having to lose footing because we cannot produce oil. Oil gives other countries an edge when negotiating with us. Because other countries have oil, they can use that leverage to harm our economy. Foreign oil damages our domestic economy. If a country wants to harm us, all they need to do is flood the market with their oil. This drops the value of our oil and the value of the US dollar. If theRead MoreThe Issues Of The Oil Industry1011 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment, environment, or their family and peers. We must be careful and ever vigilant when these actions take place. For it can led to the corruption of our worldviews if the information they provide is bias or incorrect. The corruption and control of one’s worldviews can cause one to be misguid e into having poor judgment of a situation, or to form misconceptions of how the world works. This is why it is important to gather information from creditable sources and to question worldviews in hopesRead MoreThe Price Of Oil Prices1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe price of Oil has inflated over the years as the fossil fuel is slowly running out, there has been a rise in prices as supply falls. When a commodity becomes scarce its price will rise. The price has also risen as demand has increased from countries like China who are producing more goods which are demanded by consumers. Price change over 25 years This shows the price fluctuation from the year 1990. This shows that there was a large increase in price from 2007 until 2008. Following thisRead MoreThe Geopolitical Challenges Of America1616 Words   |  7 PagesChallenges America is a country that stands out from all the other countries. We have a strong system of government that listens to the people and is ran by the people. This does not however mean that we are without geopolitical challenges. We face many challenges such as immigration, human rights abuses, and terrorism. Each of these are issues that we, the people must face. However, two of the largest challenges our nation faces today is our dependency on foreign oil and our relations with Russia that couldRead MoreSupply and Demand - Example of Oil Price1384 Words   |  6 Pagesmembers Nguyen Dat Anh Ho Ngoc Son Nguyen Thai Ha Nguyen Thi Huyen Trang Luyen Trung Kien Article’s link: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7048600.stm Wednesday, 2 January 2008, 22:36 GMT What is driving oil prices so high? Oil prices have hit a record high at $100 a barrel. Prices have doubled from the rates seen in January 2007 and more than quadrupled since 2002. What factors are causing this unremitting increase and what are the likely consequences for consumers and the global economy? What isRead More Diesel Fuel Prices Trucking Industry Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesThe recent surge in the cost of heating oil, diesel fuel, and gasoline in the United States has had significant impact on many sectors of the U.S. economy, but most importantly it has had quite a devastating affect on the trucking industry. This is important due to the fact that nearly â€Å"70% of U.S. communities rely solely on trucking for their supplies† (â€Å"ATA† 23). If the government continues it’s trend of non-intervention and refuses to place pressure on OPEC, the prices will continue to soar wellRead MoreEconomics On The Fuel Economy1375 Words   |  6 Pageswill examine the overall number economic impacts relating to oil spills and the overall oil producing economy. The United States economy is highly dependent upon fuel. Fuel is a major source that come from fossil fuels from all around the world. Fossil fuels are used to fuel cars and airplanes, power electricity plants, and heat our homes. So this lies around the question, where does fuel come from? There are 3 forms of fuel, coal, oil, and natural gas. Coal is found in many of the lower 48 statesRead MoreCauses of Rising Global Oil Prices Essay954 Words   |  4 PagesEast, declining excess capacity in oil production, the production cuts agreed by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the devaluation of U.S. dollar against other most important currencies, increased demand from rising countries and the noteworthy expansion in provisional dealings on oil futures market. Traders and speculators can earn from these changes in values through purchasing or selling Crude Oil CFDs (Kanter, 2008). Over the long term, Crude Oil is likely to go after strict lines

Essay on Stephen Hawking Biography - 1328 Words

He is a very influential scientist. His books have captured the minds of millions. His theories have baffled the minds of great thinkers. His discoveries break the laws of which we thought governed the universe. He is a man whose work has changed the ways we look at the universe, our galaxy, our solar-system, and our planet. His name is Stephen Hawking. He has written many books, attended two universities, and is a renowned scientist. From conception to the present, Stephen Hawking has lived a very interesting life. Stephen William Hawking was born to Frank and Isobel Hawking on January the 8th, 1942 in Oxford, England. Incredibly enough, Hawking was born exactly 300 years after the death of the famed astronomer and early†¦show more content†¦http://www.webster-dictionary.org.]. This means theoretical physics is the study of theory involved in forms of science, primarily with the unknown. In 1963, at the age of 21, Hawking was diagnosed with the life changing disease Amyotro phic lateral sclerosis. Its abbreviation is ALS. It is a disease with no known cause or cure. It cripples the effected, shutting down their nerves system in such a way that nearly incapacitates the diseased. It allows for almost no movement, except for involuntary muscle movements, as it paralyzes within a few years of initial diagnosis. Things were looking very down for Hawking. He knew that this disease would ruin his life. Or so he thought. Hawking received his doctorate in Cosmology in 1965. Despite being diagnosed with ALS only a few years before, Stephen would soon become engaged to Jane Wilde that same year. Hawking was gifted his first son, Robert, in 1967. This was quite uplifting for Hawking, as his disease had just begun to cripple his arms and legs. His first and only daughter, Lucy, was born three years later in 1970. At this point, Stephen’s ALS had such an effect on him that he had to be confined to a wheelchair. It was a massive blow to Hawking’s life, work, and morality. On the upside, Stephen did receive a free state-of-the-art wheelchair system from the Intel computer and technology company. Stephen Hawking’s wheelchair is quite a brilliant piece of technology. It is Stephen’s tether to the rest of theShow MoreRelatedA Brief Biography of Stephen Hawking613 Words   |  2 PagesOxford, England. Stephen Hawking was born. Some even go as far to refer to this momentous event as the rebirth of one eminent brain, to another one of equal, even a possibly more perspicacious one. Regardless of one’s perspective on this situation, one conclusion is undeniably accurate; professor, physicist, and cosmologist Stephen William Hawking altered the way we perceive the universe forever. Born to Oxford University graduates Frank and Isobel Hawking in January of 1942, Stephen grew up in a homeRead MoreA Brief Note On The Ice Bucket Challenge1825 Words   |  8 Pagesand happens to be the other name people refer this disease as. I answered with â€Å"Stephen Hawking†, and people would give me a bewildered look as if asking me â€Å"who the heck is that?† I would stare back in absolute shock and little bit of horror, because honestly, who has not heard of the man that basically theorized black holes and extended Einstein’s idea of general relativity with quantum physics theory. Stephen Hawking, who is a little less than a god, is â€Å"arguably the most famous scientist aliveRead MoreStephen Hawking : A Scientist977 Words   |  4 PagesWhen we think of Stephen Hawking we think of a world renowned physicist, but rarely do we stop to appreciate the road that lead him to change our world. Stephen Hawking has made many publications and discoveries, but he could not have done it alone without the help of his friends, family, and of course his software. On January 8, 1942, the 300th anniversary of Galileo’s death, Frank and Isobel Hawking had their first son, Stephan William Hawking in Oxford, England. Stephen Hawking’s father hopedRead MoreSteven Hawking Essay1825 Words   |  8 PagesSteven Hawking A Documentation of Steven Hawking And his Lifes Great Work A Brief History of Time In order to truly understand Steven Hawking and all his crazy theories and pure genius that makes anyone who tries or has tried to figure out what he is talking about, feel like someone who hasnt passed 1st grade. First a brief biography on his life and then I will, with the help of Mr. Hawking himself (actually his online website), try to explain some of his mind-boggling theories inRead MoreEssay on What is Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?1064 Words   |  5 Pagestwice the American Leagues MVP; He later earned the name of the Iron Horse (Lou Gehrig Biography). Unfortunately, his career ended, when he was stricken with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in 1939 . On May 2, 1939 he pulled himself away from the Yankees. At 36 years old, Lou retired from baseball. On June 4, 1939, Lou Gehrig officially retired from baseball in front of a sold out stadium (Lou Gehrig Biography). Two years later, he died from ALS on June 2,1941. ALS affects the nerve cells in theRead MoreDarwin’s Theory of Natural Selection and Social Darwinism Essay1179 Words   |  5 Pages In 1859, a biologist named Charles Darwin postulated a scientific theory, which stated that all living organisms evolved through a process of natural selection. According to Stephen Hawking, Charles Darwin claimed that the offspring of a particular species gradually evolved themselves genetically to resist the changes in the environment (573). The theory contended that the organisms could adapt to the changes in the environment through the survival of the fittest. Though this theory is regardedRead MorePierre And Probability Copyright 2016 By Miranda Perry1036 Words   |  5 Pagesafter Pierre got a little older, he went to the University of Caen. He stayed at the university from the time he was 16 years old to around the time he turned 19. Pierre was studying theology, but during that time discovered his love for mathematics (Hawking)! 8 9 When he left the University of Caen, he traveled to Paris. Paris was a great center of mathematical and scientific accomplishments in France, which made it a good place for Pierre to keep studying math (Britannica). 10 I’m very impressed! 11Read MoreWhich Modern Thinker, Individual, or Leader Has the Greatest Chance of Having a Long-tern Influence?1627 Words   |  7 Pagesuniverse operates; however, his influence will not spread to those tasked with menial interests, though he may provide influence to those with a casual interest in science, but these people may not be capable of fully understanding his work. Stephen Hawking, who is described by many as the modern equivalent to Albert Einstein, is responsible for accepted answers to questions within the realm of theoretical physics, specifically, quantum cosmology. Hawking’s contributions to the field of quantum cosmologyRead MoreThe Infinite Stupidity of Humans and the Universe Essay2754 Words   |  12 Pagesgovernment. This section is a biography on a person in this career and what it’s like to be a astrophysicists. Stephen Hawing, 1959 entered Oxford University, which at the time was occupied by mainly upper class and male students. They had their own servants called scouts. Students who came from upper class families saw themselves as privileged and special. They didn’t mix well with other students like Hawking who came from the middle class. In 1962, Stephen Hawking entered Cambridge University.Read MoreVarious Social Impacts of Cell Phones2048 Words   |  8 Pages(CAT, etc.) as well as quicker blood and urin e test results. Finally, technology, particularly biotechnology has a huge effect on disease prevention and, through gene therapy, diseases that were once incurable now easier to manage (Gupta, 2005). Stephen Hawking suffers from a disease that leads to complete body paralysis known as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Apart from some residual function in his right hand, Hawkings entire body is in complete paralysis. A computer screen exhibits a sequence of

Backstroke Swimming Free Essays

string(37) " causing the minimum amount of drag\." Swimming backstroke the complete guide to getting your stroke perfect, along with faults their causes and how to Swimming backstroke/ introduction Swimming backstroke is the third fastest stroke competitively, originated from an old english style of swimming backstrokeand has developed over the years and has evolved into an alternating and more effective action. This action givesthe backstroke less resistance with a continuous propulsion. The speed of the backstroke is limited by the restrictiverange of movement of the shoulders as well as the ability/inability to use the power in the chest muscles to thebest desired effect by the roll of the body which will be discussed in more detail in the chapter about the upsweepof the arms. We will write a custom essay sample on Backstroke Swimming or any similar topic only for you Order Now When swimming backstroke it is usually developed from a simple back paddle just kicking legs on the back, once this achieved then the backstroke swimmer can begin to develop the arms as long as the streamlined body position is maintained. Swimming backstroke can be a first choice of stroke for the beginner because it free from the water and does not reallyrequire a breathing pattern so there are little or no difficulties. The only problem can occur is that some swimmersdo not like lying on their back due to fear of the water. Swimming backstroke/ body position When swimming backstroke the body should be in a flat and horizontal position (supine). The body should also be ina streamlined position. The head should be relaxed, with the water should be crossing the ears keeping steady andin line with the body. The eyes should be looking upwards and backwards keeping the chin close to the chest. Keep your shoulders just below the surface of the water but they will only become visible as your body rollsand your arms recover. Your hips are the lowest part of the body when swimming the backstroke. The practice ofletting the less able swimmers hips sink should be discouraged if you are teaching your child or yourself to swim backstroke Keep your legs and toes close the surface with your toes breaking the surface of the water. Your body will roll on it’slongitudinal axis, you can roll up to about 60 degrees from the horizontal. This roll helps to assist so thatyou can place your hand in the best catch position so that you can have an effective underwater arm action which assists the over water arm recovery. The only part of the body not involved in this body roll is the head this should be perfectly still when swimming backstroke. Swimming backstroke/ leg action When you swim backstroke you will need a good, strong and efficient legs kick. The leg kick in backstroke is mainlyused for balance, it is not very likely that the leg kick will provide much propulsion. If you were a good leg kicker then you may get a little propulsion maybe 1-5 percent which could be used when the arms are not intheir propulsive phase. When one arm is above the head ready for entry and the other is by the side just finishedit’s pull. You must remember that the although the legs do not contribute to propulsion they are still importantfor a good body position as well as balance for your strong sweeping actions made by your arms which is made outside the line of the body which will in effect will cause lateral deviation. So a good leg action willminimize lateral deviation (moving from side to side). Although the kicks are described as an upbeat and downbeat it is important that the kick does not necessarily take place in the vertical plane. Your hips move side to side along with the upper body as it rolls so the path of thekick is influenced at the time of the upbeat and downbeat. When swimming backstroke the legs action is alternating as well as continuous. Your legs will stay close togetherand the movement of each of your legs initiates from the hip and is observed as an upbeat and downbeat. Swimming backstroke/ Downbeat (recovery) Your leg will begin the downbeat close to the surface of the water and the leg is almost straight. When you begin thedownbeat your hip will press downwards and then will be followed by your upper leg your lower leg and your foot. The downbeat of each of your legs is called the recovery phase so this movement you will find should be relaxedand done without very much effort. When you get to the end of the downbeat that will be the lowest point and outside of your body range. The depth of this all depend on the size of your limbs. As a guide the leg will be at a point where the leg can be fully extended with your toes pointed. It will be apparent to the backstrokeswimmer that the flexibility of the your ankles is of importance. Swimming backstroke/ Upbeat (propulsion) The upbeat will begins as your hip begins to lift. Then your upper leg follows the hip and your knee will begin to bend your knee will bend will be about 90 to 120 degrees. Your lower leg will then press upwards with your shin andand the top of your foot. The pressure at this stage is a combination of upwards and backwards. Now your leg willaccelerate upwards and as you kick your leg to the surface this is when propulsion is achieved. When the toes breakthe surface the upbeat ends. Swimming backstroke/ arm action When swimming backstroke you will find that the arms provide main propulsion. The arm action is continuous and alternating. There are four partsto the arms in backstroke which are the entry, catch, propulsive phase and recovery which I will discuss in moredetail. Swimming backstroke/ Entry When your hand enters the water your little finger enters first keeping it in line with your shoulder. Your palm facing outwards and then handshould sink to a depth of about 30 cms causing the minimum amount of drag. You read "Backstroke Swimming" in category "Papers" Make sure that your hand does sink a little because it help with your body roll. Your arm will also be fully extended As your hand will be placed in the water. Making sure it is donewithout any undue tension as well as making sure that you do not over reach. It is very important that the arm enters in line with the shoulder. An entry that is too close to the centre line or too wide will have a detrimental effect on your streamlining and propulsion. It is also very importantthat your little finger enters first by entering with the back of the hand will cause more resistance also you will not be able to sink your hand to the desired position as well as a tendency to pull with the little finger leading. Your hand will start to feel the pressure of the water ready for the sweeping and propulsive movement which will follow. Shortly afterwards your hand will be in the catch position. You will then rotate your hand downwards, as you press on the water your elbow will bend and your upper arm will rotate, givingyou a high elbow position that you need to enable the initial downward sweep to be performed effectively. When learning the backstroke you will find that the arms are the hardest part of the stroke and to develop the correct catch position and the downwards movement to the catch position. But practice makes perfect! Swimming backstroke/ Catch Your hand will now begin to give a backwards pressure on the water. This is so that your hand can make a purchase on the water and move your body forwards over the hand. Swimming backstroke/ downsweep Your elbow will now begin to bend and your hand will continue to sweep downwards slightly. As your hand begins the downsweep the pitch of your hand will be downwards as well as backwards. When you have finished the downsweep your elbow will be flexed to 90 degrees your hand will be in line with your shoulder. our elbow at this point will be pointing to the pool bottom and your finger tips should be facing outwards. You will change your hand pitchinto a backwards direction in the transition period, through to inwards and upwards, ready to begin your upsweep. Swimming backstroke/ Pitch of the hand It is important to realize that swimming backstroke you will continually alter the pitch of your hand throughout the sweeping actions. So t hat you get the best possible propulsion during the downsweep your hand should be pitched downwards, outwards, and slightly backwards. Swimming backstroke/ Upsweep Your hand will now sweep upwards towards the surface of the water keeping the elbow bent. The upsweep progresses from your shoulder line through to justabove the waist. It is of importance now that the roll is of great importance, to ensure that the sweeping propulsive can be effective. At the endof your upsweep your pitch is now altered to backwards then to downwards and then backwards. Swimming backstroke/ Final Downsweep When your hand sweeps downwards your elbow will straighten. The propulsive phase of the arm stroke is now completed with your arm extended below your hip. When you swim with the arms they are likened to a long letter ‘s’ shape alongside your body in the water. Swimming backstroke/ Recovery Your body will roll after the final downsweep of your hand the recovery action of your arm begins. Your hand on which you are to recover will be below the level of your hip so it needs to be lifted through the water in a way which will cause you the minimum amount of resistance. You can achieve thisby rotating your hand inwards so the palm faces your thigh, your hand will then be able to cut through the water on its side. When you bring it up it should leave the water be thumb first. Once your arms have left the water your arms should come directly over your shoulder being an elevated positiondue to the body roll. When your thumb is your arms is gradually from your shoulder joint to place your hand in a little finger entry position as it passes yourhead on it’s way down into the water. Make sure your arm is straight as wells relaxed during the recovery giving your arms an opportunity to recovery from thepropulsive phase. Make sure you do not overreach at this time. Swimming backstroke/ arm opposition When swimming backstroke the timing of the recovery and propulsive arm position is very important if you want to swim backstroke with good technique. As your recovering arm enters the water the propulsive arm should be sweeping down at the end of it’s propulsive phase. The opposition of your arms helps with your body roll and your streamlining and it provides the most continuous application of propulsive force on the water. Swimming backstroke/ breathing When swimming backstroke breathing is not usually any problem because the head is free of the water and does not go into the water at any time. Breathing can take place at anytime during the stroke. Make sure that you take a regular pattern of breathing. The usual pattern of breathing isto take an in breath as one arm recovers and an out breath on the other arm recovery (in on one arm out on the other). Swimming backstroke/ co-ordination When swimming the backstroke there are two parts to co-ordination the timing the leg action with your arms as well as the arms with eachother. Swimming backstroke/ leg action timing The most common timing used is the six beat leg action this is complete by the time the cycle of the arms is complete. It is important that a strong balancing leg kick is used when swimming backstroke because as I mentioned before the arms are pitched outside the center line and the faster leg kick s used to maintain a streamline and horizontal position preventing lateral deviation (body moving side to side). The six beat action is the most commonly used a small minority of backstroke swimmers will use any other pattern. Swimming backstroke/ arm action timing When swimming backstroke your arms can be seen opposite each other but there is a period in this cycle when both arms are in the water at the same time. This is simply when one arm is moving towards the catch and th e other is releasing the water and beginning the recovery. This is a slight overlap which ensures that your stroke doeskeep a continuous propulsion from your arms. Swimming backstroke/ faults, causes and corrections When you swim backstroke you will find you may have one or more faults, in this part of my page we will look at thefault that you may come across the reasons why and how you can improve and correct the fault. You may not realize youhave any kind of fault but it may be worth having a read in case you recognize something in your stroke which youmay not have realized is a fault. How to cite Backstroke Swimming, Papers

Define the Risk Assessment Scope Risk Criteria free essay sample

Define the risk assessment scope risk criteria 2. 1. 1. Objective The purpose of this step is to develop the context for the risk assessment and to define risk criteria that will be used for evaluation of well integrity risks. The deliverables from this step are: risk assessment scope; list of risk criteria. 2. 1. 2. Define risk assessment scope The context and scope of this specialist risk assessment should be defined by the more general risk assessment step in Section 2. 5 of [1]. The latter should assess risks to the capacity, injectivity and containment of candidate storage sites, where well integrity represents one type of risk to storage containment. This step should involve: defining the goals and objectives of the well integrity risk assessment; defining responsibilities for and within the risk assessment process; defining the specific inclusions and exclusions; defining the risk assessment in terms of time and location; defining the relationship between the risk assessment process and the overall development of the CO2 geological storage project; defining the risk assessment methodologies; dentifying and specifying the decisions that have to be made prior to milestone M2; 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Define the Risk Assessment Scope Risk Criteria or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. 3. Defining risk criteria Risk criteria for evaluating the significance of well integrity risks need to be defined by the project developer. The risk criteria should reflect the objectives and context for the risk assessment. Adequate consideration should be given to the time and resources available, stakeholder views and risk perceptions, and the applicable legal and regulatory requirements. The risk criteria chosen should be continuously reviewed. Prior to specifying risk criteria, the categories for which risks will be evaluated shall be defined. These include: human health and safety; environmental protection; legal and regulatory compliance; cost; project schedule; reputation; well integrity (functional) performance. The following points should be considered when defining risk criteria for well integrity assessments: the categories of risk for the CO2 geological storage project established in the ‘screening basis’ step of [1]; the nature and type of causes and consequences that can occur and how they will be measured; how likelihood will be defined (for example qualitatively or as a quantitative probability); the timeframe of interest; ow the level of risk is to be determined; the level at which the risk becomes acceptable or tolerable; whether combinations of multiple risks should be taken into account and, if so, how and which combinations should be considered (for example leakage pathways composed of multiple failures). In order for the risk criteria to be adequate to support a storage site selection decisio n they should: be suitable for decisions regarding risk reducing measures to levels as low as reasonably practicable; be suitable for communication; e unambiguous in their formulation; not favour any particular concept solution explicitly nor implicitly through the way in which risk is expressed. In addition, risk criteria for CO2 leakage rates related to existing wells should be consistent with the overall storage site containment criteria established in Section 2. 1 (‘Screening basis’) of [1]. Note: Temporal, spatial, volumetric and rate limits for CO2 leakage should be finite and quantifiable to allow for effective risk management.